西蒙行政谚语英文

1.什么叫行政谚语

它是对传统行政学的批判。西方行政学界在20世纪2、30年代普遍认为行政学是一门科学，传统行政学家们曾提出一些至今仍为许多行政学者所提到的行政原则。西蒙认为，传统行政学家所提出的每一条行政原则都可以找到另一条看来同样合理的原则，虽然这两条原则导致相反的意见，但是在理论上我们却不能指出哪一条原则是正确的，因此，这些原则如同一般的谚语，虽然他们相互矛盾，但是它们彼此却可以并行不悖，所以这些“行政原则”并非真正的科学原则，他们只能被称之为“行政谚语”（Proverbs），够不上原则着个头衔。

传统的行政学研究方法既然只能得到谚语，而不能得出行政原则，因此在研究方法上就必需寻求新的途径，即只有提出新的研究方法才能建立真正的行政原则，这便是西蒙将传统的行政原则称之为行政谚语的真实含义所在。

西蒙专门以人们常常谈到的“专业分工”、“统一指挥”、“控制幅度”和“根据目标、程序、服务对象、地点划分组织”等四项原则作了具体阐释。

分工原则：分工只是群体工作的本质，组织不论效率如何均需分工，因为两个人不能在同一时间、同一地点做同一项工作，分工只不过是不同的人在同一时间做不同的工作而已，所以分工并不是有效行政的条件；与此同时，专业分工原则与统一指挥原则也是相冲突的。根据前一条原则，学校的会计部门便应该听从其专业上级的指挥，而按照后一条原则，它则应该听从校长的指挥。在他看来，真正的统一指挥在任何行政组织中事实上都从不存在。

控制幅度原则：该原则显然与另一条人们常提到的组织层次应该力求减少的原则相冲突，缩小控制幅度势必会增加组织层次，同时提出控制幅度数为5、6或任何数字都是缺乏一定理由的。

部门划分：按照目标、程序，服务对象、地点划分组织的原则本身就是相互冲突的而且也没有明确的分辨标准，根据目标划分组织就必须牺牲按照过程、服务对象、地点划分组织的好处。

例如，某市政府的主要机构如民政局、教育局、建设局等是按照工作目标所划分的组织，各局都需要各种相同的总务、会计、统计、普通行政人员等，服务对象都是该市区的全体市民，当然也就失去了根据程序（即按照专业技术）、服务对象或地点划分组织的优点。再从另一个观点来看，该市的这种依据工作目标而划分的组织同时也都可以被视为是按照程序划分的组织，因为建设、教育等也可以说是达到市政府为市民服务这一总目标的各种方法，因此，一个组织到底属于上述四种组织中的哪一种，这取决于从哪一种观点来看，仅就组织本身则很难说它们绝对属于其中的哪一种组织。

它是对传统行政学的批判。

西方行政学界在20世纪2、30年代普遍认为行政学是一门科学，传统行政学家们曾提出一些至今仍为许多行政学者所提到的行政原则。西蒙认为，传统行政学家所提出的每一条行政原则都可以找到另一条看来同样合理的原则，虽然这两条原则导致相反的意见，但是在理论上我们却不能指出哪一条原则是正确的，因此，这些原则如同一般的谚语，虽然他们相互矛盾，但是它们彼此却可以并行不悖，所以这些“行政原则”并非真正的科学原则，他们只能被称之为“行政谚语”（Proverbs），够不上原则着个头衔。

传统的行政学研究方法既然只能得到谚语，而不能得出行政原则，因此在研究方法上就必需寻求新的途径，即只有提出新的研究方法才能建立真正的行政原则，这便是西蒙将传统的行政原则称之为行政谚语的真实含义所在。 西蒙专门以人们常常谈到的“专业分工”、“统一指挥”、“控制幅度”和“根据目标、程序、服务对象、地点划分组织”等四项原则作了具体阐释。

分工原则：分工只是群体工作的本质，组织不论效率如何均需分工，因为两个人不能在同一时间、同一地点做同一项工作，分工只不过是不同的人在同一时间做不同的工作而已，所以分工并不是有效行政的条件；与此同时，专业分工原则与统一指挥原则也是相冲突的。根据前一条原则，学校的会计部门便应该听从其专业上级的指挥，而按照后一条原则，它则应该听从校长的指挥。

在他看来，真正的统一指挥在任何行政组织中事实上都从不存在。 控制幅度原则：该原则显然与另一条人们常提到的组织层次应该力求减少的原则相冲突，缩小控制幅度势必会增加组织层次，同时提出控制幅度数为5、6或任何数字都是缺乏一定理由的。

部门划分：按照目标、程序，服务对象、地点划分组织的原则本身就是相互冲突的而且也没有明确的分辨标准，根据目标划分组织就必须牺牲按照过程、服务对象、地点划分组织的好处。 例如，某市政府的主要机构如民政局、教育局、建设局等是按照工作目标所划分的组织，各局都需要各种相同的总务、会计、统计、普通行政人员等，服务对象都是该市区的全体市民，当然也就失去了根据程序（即按照专业技术）、服务对象或地点划分组织的优点。

再从另一个观点来看，该市的这种依据工作目标而划分的组织同时也都可以被视为是按照程序划分的组织，因为建设、教育等也可以说是达到市政府为市民服务这一总目标的各种方法，因此，一个组织到底属于上述四种组织中的哪一种，这取决于从哪一种观点来看，仅就组织本身则很难说它们绝对属于其中的哪一种组织。

I'm sorry i didn't catch you.

Sorry, i don't understand English.

I can teach you the Chinese poems.

I am an announcer.

I graduated from Gui Zhou university this year.

The Management of administration is my major.

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.谚语：只工作不玩，聪明的孩子也会变傻。

every man Jack 每人；人人Jack of all trades and master of none 万事皆通而一无所长的人；“三脚猫”Jack-of-all trades “万事通”Jack on/of both sides 模棱两可，两面派Jack at a pinch 临时拉来帮忙/凑数的人ball the jack 孤注一掷before one can say Jack Robinson [口]马上， 突然； 一会儿play the jack with sb. 欺骗（某人）； 开（某人）玩笑Jack and Jill 男男女女Jack among the maids 向女人献殷勤的男子Jack in the water 码头打杂工cheep Jack 卖廉价货物的小贩Jack in office 自命不凡的小官吏，官僚Jack is as good as his master.谚语：伙计不必老板差。Yellow Jack 指医学上的“黄热病”the Union Jack 英联合王国国旗Jack of straw 稻草人Jacks 可指“英镑”jack 千斤顶lumberjack 伐木工人Jack-a-dandy 花花公子jackpot 意外的成功；发外财make one's jack 发财。

1 we are very excited, because this is the first time for us to come to China.2 year which is your favorite?3 I like to eat traditional Chinese food.4 in the evening, there will be fireworks can watch.5 all the students are preparing for the children.6. Why do you like Halloween? Because we are playing a trick or treat.7. He often with candy and green tea for his friends.8 I usually read newspapers in the breakfast time.9 every year we have dumplings.10. He often help my mother do housework.11. This is my first time to see dance.12. Now I am hainan on vacation.13. Mrs. Brown has been busy with work and don't have much time to take care of her children.14 I will hide and Simon the school gate, then go rollerblading.15 in the huanghe football team. Daniel He is how great Michael is at scoring goals.16 you spend much time doing homework?17. He should be polite to parents.This is the time we go jogging?19. How often do you see a film? Twice a week.20. Can I borrow some sticker?21. Tom, although very tall, but not the strong.And we hope your coming again.23. Walk is good for us, so we often go to school on foot.Mother's day in May 24). Westerners using a variety of methods to celebrate it.25 our teachers are good for us.26 we must for the coming English exam preparation.27 he a pumpkin a lantern.28. My cousin, want to dress up as a monkey.And you think of your new school?30. I'm not good at English. I need more practice.The children wear masks on Halloween with special clothing.32. Wish you a new diet and lifestyle.33 for a swimmer, it is very important to keep fit.34 fast food is not healthy, so I don't eat it35 after supper he likes to lie on a sofa. This makes him become fatter36 healthy diet and exercise for our health is very important37 eddy exercise every day, but the hob never exerciseI can help you learn English39 sunlight Windows into the classroom40 these homework for Tom is completed41 do you have any good note?I want to buy a gift for mother, but I have no money.43 Simon's birthday. Do you know what he wants to celebrate?I need you to help me shopping bags brought these.45 this store clothes with discount, I want to see46 these shoes and you are worthy of blue jeans47 I don't want to buy something and Amy48 if you want to buy a walkman, you can go to the appliance stores49 the toys? How much money he many bears spend part Spent 30 yuan50 twins will invite their classmates in their birthday party51 classmates for those poverty-stricken areas in which people fundraisingMr. Green to his wife 52 million dollars to a name to the need to help the children53 I can try this pair of shoes? They are my feetWhat size do you wear 54 of shoes? 8 yards55 Jim want pair of soft bottom shoe, because they are very comfortable56 we can call 11057 the computer how much should I pay?58 here, there are many different kinds of shoe shopThis dress is very suitable for a dinner partyI can be in the shopping center found some good things.And he was also is not big enough to go to school.62: can you tell me how to say it in English?What are you going to wear 63 in fashion show?64 I need another two female doctors.I hope you have fun at the party.And they that talking for poor children raised stationery.67 today's fashion show ends.68 Simon is wearing a purple and fashionable dress looks animation.69 he's mother the 1990s style.70 this film is not suitable for children.71 the scarf is what is it made of? It is made of silk.72 she wanted me to wear sports shoes. She thinks that will not make me feet shoes become hot.73. They are discussing what? They are discussing what to wear tomorrow.Paper is made from wood 74? Then we will use less paper.She was born in June 1st 75 of the night.76 I'm sure this black jacket on anyone would be very cool.77 do you work progress?78 he thinks this skirt doesn't suit her mother.79 table, food, and drink some flowers.80 Kate will be held when and where her birthday party?。

是这样的，一个句子至少需要主语和谓语.我们常见的是主谓宾的结构.在这个句子中，A government member 是先行词，who is in charge of a government department 是一个定语从句，修饰A government member. A government member和 who is in charge of a government department.这两者共同构成一个复合句的主语.如我们对该句进行两种修改：一、A government member (who 去掉，这样该语法没问题，但表情达意不是很规范)is in charge of a government department.二、主语后后加上谓语和宾语A government member who is in charge of a government department(is a hot position)是一个热门职位.最后，希望你能通过这个讲解，弄懂句子结构.。

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